Restarting With Ctrl-Alt-Del

Pressing the Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys simultaneously restarts your computer system. This process is called warm boot, reset, or reinitialization. If your computer "hangs" (or crashes) for some reason, it may be necessary to reset with Ctrl-Alt-Del to get it going again. You should do this only as a last resort. If the Ctrl-Alt-Del key sequence has no effect, it means that the codes are being send from your keyboard are no longer being received and interpreted by your computer. If this happens, you must turn the power off, wait several seconds, and turn the power back on again to resume operation. If you have a fixed disk, you should wait until disk rotation stops before turning your computer back on.

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FORMAT

The FORMAT command prepares a new disk for use by organizing the disk into magnetic tracks and sectors that are readable by DOS. when a disk is formatted, any files on that disk are usually lost. because of the plethora of disk types and capacities, new parameters were added to the FORMAT command in DOS version 4.01. MS-DOS 5.00 introduction a safe FORMAT command and the ability to UNFORMAT unintentially formatted disks. These parameters and others are presented in the following paragraph and table. FORMAT Command Form: There are a number of FORMAT command forms. These are described in the following list. CAUTION BE aware that the FORMAT command erases all files from the disk being formatted. Many computer users have accidentally formatted the wrong disk. If you have programs or document files you wish to keep, do not format the disk! (DOS 5.00 lets you UNFORMAT disk, but even with this ve...

Making, Changing, and Removing Directories

You used the DIR (directory) command in Section 3 to display a list of filenames on the screen. You can create and name multiple disk directories on a disk to allow for the subdivision of your files. This feature lets you group common files into separate directories. This is similar to subdividing information into file cabinet drawers and file folders. This is particularly convenient when you use a fixed disk containing hundreds or even thousands of files. Instead of listing all files in one directory, you can list files in smaller, more manageable sub directories. Lock at the following directory commands. Command Purpose MKDIR or MD Make a new directory ...

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